Programming Languages

As we all know, programming language is a vocabulary and set of grammatical rules for instructing a computer to perform specific tasks. Let us be familiarize with some computer programming languages aside from those programming languages that are familiar.

There are thousands of programming languages and new ones are created every year. Few languages ever become sufficiently popular that they are used by more than a few people, but professional programmers can easily use dozens of different languages during their career.

The following table compares general and technical information for a selection of commonly used programming languages. See the individual languages' articles for further information. Please note that the following table may be missing some information.

Language	Intended use	Paradigm(s)	Standardized?
ActionScript 3.0	Application, Web, Client-side	imperative, object-oriented, event-driven	1996, ECMA
Ada	Application, Embedded, System and Realtime	imperative, procedural[2], concurrent[3], distributed[4], generic[5], object-oriented[6]	1983, ANSI, ISO, GOST 27831-88[7]
ALGOL 58	Application	imperative	No
ALGOL 60	Application	imperative	1960, IFIP WG 2.1, ISO[8]
ALGOL 68	Application	imperative, concurrent	1968, IFIP WG 2.1, GOST 27974-88,[9]
Ateji PX	Parallel Application	object-oriented, pi calculus	No
Gr8it	Application	imperative	No
APL	Application, Data processing	array-oriented, tacit	1989, ISO
Assembly language	General	imperative, any	No
AutoHotkey	Highly domain-specific, GUI automation(macros)	imperative	No
AutoIt	Highly domain-specific, GUI automation(macros)	event-driven, imperative, procedural	No
BASIC	Application, Education	imperative, procedural	1983, ANSI, ISO
BeanShell	Application, Scripting	imperative, object-oriented, functional, reflective	In progress, JCP
BLISS	System	procedural	No
BlitzMax	Application, Game	imperative, procedural, object-oriented	No
Boo	Application		No
C	System	imperative, procedural	1989, ANSI C89, ISO C90/C99
C++	Application; System	imperative, procedural, object-oriented, generic	1998, ISO
C#	Application, Web	imperative, object-oriented, functional,[12] generic, reflective	2000, ECMA, ISO
Clarion	General, Web, Business	imperative, object-oriented, functional [14]	Unknown
Clean	General	functional, generic	No
Clojure	General	functional, concurrent	No
CLU	General	imperative, procedural, object-oriented, generic	No
COBOL	Application, Business	imperative, object-oriented	1960
Cobra	General, Application, Business, Web	imperative, object-oriented, functional, generic, reflective	No
ColdFusion (CFML)	Web Development	procedural, object-oriented	No
Common Lisp	General	imperative, functional, object-oriented, reflective, generic	1994, ANSI
Comal 80	Education	imperative, procedural	No
Curl		imperative, event-driven, functional, object-oriented, generic, reflective	No
Cython	General, Application, Numerical Computing	imperative, object-oriented, functional, aspect-oriented, reflective	No
D	Application; System	imperative, object-oriented, generic	No
Dylan	Application	functional, object-oriented	No
Eiffel	Application	imperative, object-oriented, generic	2005, ECMA, ISO
Erlang	Application, Distributed, Telecom	functional, concurrent, distributed	No
Euphoria	Application	procedural	No
Factor		stack-oriented	No
FP		functional	No
F#	Application	imperative, functional, object-oriented, generic	No
Forth	General	imperative, stack-oriented	1994, ANSI
Fortran	Application, Numerical Computing	imperative, procedural, object-oriented, generic	1966, ANSI 66, ANSI 77, MIL-STD-1753, ISO 90, ISO 95, ISO 2003
Gambas	Application	imperative, object-oriented, event-driven	No
Game Maker Language	Application, Games	imperative, object-oriented, event-driven	No
Go	Application; System	concurrent, imperative	No
GraphTalk	Application	logic-oriented, object-oriented	No
Groovy	Application, Web	imperative, object-oriented, aspect-oriented	In progress, JCP
Harbour	General, Application, Business, Web, Data processing	imperative, procedural, functional, object-oriented, declarative, generic, reflective	No
Haskell	Application	functional, generic, lazy evaluation	1998, Haskell 98[17]
HyperNext	Application, Education	procedural, weakly typed, event-driven	No
Io	Application, Host-driven Scripting	imperative, object-oriented	No
J	Data processing	array-oriented, function-level, tacit	No
JADE	Application, Distributed	imperative, object-oriented	No
Java	Application, Web	imperative, object-oriented, generic, reflective	No, Java Language Specification
JavaScript	Web, Client-side	imperative, object-oriented, functional, reflective	1997, ECMA
Joy	Research	functional, stack-oriented	No
LabVIEW ("G")	Application, Industrial instrumentation and automation	dataflow, visual	No
Lisp	Text processing	functional	Unknown
Logtalk	Application, Artificial intelligence	logic, object-oriented, event-driven, reflective	No
Lua	Embedded scripting, Application	imperative, object-oriented, functional, aspect-oriented, reflective	No
Mathematica	Highly domain-specific, Symbolic Computing	procedural, functional	No
MATLAB	Highly domain-specific, Numerical Computing	imperative, procedural, object-oriented	No
Modula-2	Application; System	imperative, generic	1996, ISO
Modula-3	Application	imperative, object-oriented, generic	No
Mythryl	Application, Scripting	imperative, generic, functional	No
Oberon	Application; System	imperative, object-oriented	No
Objective-C	Application	imperative, object-oriented, reflective	No
Objective Caml	Application	imperative, object-oriented, functional, generic	No
Object Pascal (Delphi)	Application	imperative, object-oriented, generic, event-driven, reflective, aspect-oriented[21]	No
Occam	General	imperative, procedural, concurrent, process-oriented	No
Oxygene	Application	imperative, object-oriented, generic	No
Oz	Application, Education, Distribution	imperative, logic, functional, object-oriented, concurrent	No
Pascal	Application, Education	imperative, procedural	1983, ISO
Pawn	Embedded, Host-driven Scripting	imperative	No
Perl	Application, Text processing, Scripting, Web	imperative, procedural, reflective, functional, object-oriented, generic	No
PHP	Web, Server-side	imperative, procedural, object-oriented, reflective	No
PL/I	Application	imperative, procedural, object-oriented	1969
Plus	System development, Application	imperative, procedural	No
Prolog	Application, Artificial intelligence	logic	1995, ISO
Python	General, Application, Scripting, Web	imperative, object-oriented, functional, aspect-oriented, reflective	No
REALbasic	Application		Unknown
REBOL	Distributed	imperative, object-oriented, functional, dialected	No
RPG	Application		Unknown
Ruby	Application, Scripting, Web	imperative, object-oriented, aspect-oriented, reflective, functional	No
S	Application, Statistics	imperative, procedural, functional, object-oriented	No
S-Lang	Application, Scripting, Numerical	imperative, procedural	No
Scala	Application, Distributed	object-oriented, functional, generic, lazy evaluation, imperative	No
Scheme	General, Education	functional	1998, R6RS
Simula	General, Education	imperative, object-oriented, event-driven, discrete event simulation, multi-threaded (quasi-parallel) program execution	1968
Smalltalk	Application, Education	object-oriented, concurrent, event-driven, declarative, reflective	1998, ANSI
SNOBOL	Text processing		Unknown
Standard ML	Application	imperative, functional, generic	1997, SML '97
Tcl	Application, Scripting, Web	imperative, procedural, event-driven	No
Visual Basic	Application, Education	imperative, component-oriented, event-driven	No
Visual Basic .NET	Application, Education, Web	imperative, object-oriented, event-driven	No
Visual Prolog	Application	imperative, declarative, logical, object-oriented, functional, event-driven	No
Windows PowerShell	Administration	imperative, object-oriented, functional, pipeline, reflective	No
XL		imperative, concept programming, object-oriented	No

There are more programming languages that are not shown here in the table. Some of the stated programming languages are already obsolete. Being an information technology student, we must be familiarize with some programming language so that we can learn more, it is not good that we stick to one programming language only. Our ability to solve problems will not be enhanced.